• SASO 142 Physical and Mechanical Testing Methods of Portland Cement.
• SASO 143 Portland Cement, Ordinary and Rapid-Hardening
• SASO 570 Sulphate Resistant Portland Cement.
• SASO 378 Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete.

STONE FOR RIPRAP

A. Stone grouted riprap shall consist of field stones furnished in broad flat shapes to the maximum extent practicable. All stone shall be hard, sound, durable, highly resistant to weathering and shall be suitable as protection material for the intended purpose.

B. Samples of the stone material proposed for use in the Works shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to its use in the Work.

C. The minimum apparent specific gravity shall be 2.5 and the maximum absorption shall be 6% when tested in accordance with AASHTO T85 – 85. The stone shall have an abrasion loss not greater than 45% when tested in accordance with AASHTO T96.

D. Unless otherwise indicated on the drawings or directed by the Engineer, stones for grouted riprap shall generally weigh between 10 and 50 kg with at least 60% weighing more than 30 kg.

E. Mortar for grouted riprap shall of 1:3 cement: sand mortar by volume. Water added shall be the least amount which will yield a mix of suitable consistency to ensure proper mortaring of riprap. Sand and cement shall conform with the relevant requirements of "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing".

• ASTM D 698 Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 5.5-lb (2.49-kg) Rammer and 12-inch (305 mm) Drop
• ASTM D 1556 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method
• ASTM D 1557 Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 10-lb (4.54-kg) Rammer and 18-inch (457 mm) Drop
• ASTM D 1559 Test Method for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus
• ASTM D 2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
• ASTM D 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density of Soils Using Vibratory Table
• ASTM D 4254 Test methods for Minimum Index Density of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density

Walnut: has fine texture and is strong, easy to work with. It resists shrinking and warping and can take all types of finishes very well. It is mostly used for making gunstocks, solid and veneered furniture, novelties, cabinetry and wall paneling.

Oak: has good bending qualities apart from being durable. It finishes well and resists moisture absorption. Oak is good for furniture, trimming, boat framing, wooden desks and flooring.

Maple: is a fine textured wood with immense strength and hardness. With moderate shrinkage, maple machines well and is best used in flooring, fine furniture and woodenware such as bowling alleys.

Cherry: is close-grained wood and as resists warping and shrinking. It gets red when exposed to sunlight. It ages well and is extensively used in cabinet making, boat trim, novelties and solid furniture handles.

Rosewood: is close grained hard wood with dark reddish brown color. It has an exclusive fragrance. It is hard to work upon and takes high polish. It is good for making musical instruments, piano cases, tool handles, art projects, veneers and furniture.

Teak: is a hard and moisture- resistant wood. It resists warping, cracking and decay and is best used in fine furniture, paneling, shipbuilding, doors, window framing, flooring and as a general construction wood.

Shesham: is also known as Indian Rosewood and is a rich medium brown wood with deep grains. It is a fast-growing hardwoods and the functional furniture made from it can deal with everyday stresses and strains without loosing its attractive appearance. It is highly durable, easily carved and is exclusively used for making furniture, particularly almirahs and cabinets.

Softwoods
Pine: has a uniform texture and is very easy to work with. It finishes well and resists shrinkage, swelling and warping. It is widely used in house construction, paneling, furniture, molding and for making wooden boxes.

Hemlock: is lightweight and machines well. It is uniformly textured and has low resistance to decay. It is mainly used for construction lumber, planks, doors, boards, paneling, sub flooring and crates.

Fir: is uniformly textured and has low resistance to decay. It is nonresinous, works easy and finishes well. Fir is used for making furniture, doors, frames, windows, plywood, veneer, general millwork and interior trim.

Redwood: is light, durable and easy to work with. It has natural resistance to decay and is good for making outdoor furniture, fencing, house siding, interior finishing, veneering and paneling.

Spruce: is a strong wood that finishes well and has low resistance to decay. It possesses moderate shrinkage and is light. It is a good option for making masts and spars for ships, aircraft, crates, boxes, general millwork and ladders.

Cedar: is a reddish wood with sweet odor. It is very easy to work with, uniform in texture and is resistant to decay. Cedar is extensively used in chest making, closet lining, shingles, posts, dock planks, novelties and Venetian blinds.

Other Woods
There are many other types of wood that are made by wooden sheeting. These various types are available in thickness ranging from 4 mm to 24 mm.

MDF (Medium Density Fibre Board): is made from powdered wood bonded with glue and compressed to form the sheets. It is quite soft and very easy to work with. It cuts, sands and finishes very easily. It is used widely for interior projects especially for cupboards and shelving.

Chipboard: is made like MDF but from actual wood chips. It is used widely for kitchen furniture for which it is covered with a laminate. It is also used widely for low cost flooring.

Plywood: is made from thin laminates of wood glued together. Each layer is at right angle to the grain of the other. It is very strong but also quite flexible, especially if there are thinner sheets. It is used widely in the building industry.

http://www.wood-furniture-manufacturers.com/type-of-wood.html

1. SASO 87 Methods of Test for Concrete (Cement) Building Bricks and Blocks
2. SASO 145 Concrete (Cement) Hollow Block for Buildings

B. ACI American Concrete Institute

1. ACI 117 Standard Specification for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials
2. ACI 530 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures
3. ACI 530R Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures
4. ACI 530.1 Specification for Masonry Structures
5. ACI 530.1R Commentary on Specification for Masonry Structures

C. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

1. ASTM C33 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
2. ASTM C55 Standard Specification for Concrete Brick
3. ASTM C90 Standard Specification for Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units
4. ASTM C129 Standard Specification for Non-Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units
5. ASTM C140 Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units
6. ASTM C331 Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units

Powder magazine(s) must be located on property permitted for use during the construction of the project. Magazines will be kept secure and locked at all times except when in use. Construction of magazines shall be in accordance with federal and/or state regulations and accepted industry practices.

The Contractor shall maintain an inventory and use record for all explosives and detonating caps which shall be reconciled at the end of each working day, and shall include the number of misfires and their disposition. The inventory and use record shall be available for inspection by the Client and Authorities having jurisdiction at all times.

All vehicles used for transport of explosives shall comply with Local Authorities.

A Vehicle Checklist shall be prepared and completed, and the Vehicle Checklist shall be turn over to Site/Job Explosive Specialist as applicable, who in turn shall forward it to the Client.

The duplicate copy of the Vehicle Checklist shall be carried in the cab of the explosives carrying vehicle through out the journey.

More about Blasting Here :

• Blastign Safety Procedures : Minimum Steps to be taken for the Test Shots
• Blasting Safety Procedures | Precautions
• Blasting Procedures Continued

More information about blasting here :

Blastign Safety Procedures : Minimum Steps to be taken for the Test Shots

Blasting Safety Procedures | Precautions

1. A tailgate safety meeting will be conducted by the Contractor regarding handling and use of explosives and the safety rules listed above. Each person that intends to attend the test shots shall attend this safety meeting.
2. Erect Blast Warning signs.
3. Set up lightning detectors.
4. The test pattern will be drilled according to that proposed by Contractor.
5. Each drilled hole will be accurately measured for location and depth.
6. Each hole loaded according to the attached sketch and the loading logged on the Test Shot form.
7. Stemming quantities will be entered on Test Shot Form.
8. Seismic measurement instruments will be set up to measure at a minimum of three locations: each end of the test and the test midpoint (the monitors will be positioned on all nearby structures). If the nearby structure is buried, the structure will be excavated and the monitor set on the structure.
9. Distances will be measured to all nearby structures.
10. Give the warning and blast signals.
11. Detonate the test shots.
12. After the blaster has checked for misfires and given the all clear signal, all involved personnel will check existing structures, fissures and ground cracks in all directions from the test shot.
13. Check readings on seismic monitors and record readings on the Test Shot Form.
14. Dig the test shot rock for satisfactory breakage and log the results on the Test Shot Form.
15. The Contractor’s Consultant or Engineer will recommend changes to be made in the variables for the next test shot. These recommendations will be based primarily on the findings in 12, 13, and 14 above along with his expertise in blasting near foreign structures.

1. Only authorized, qualified and experienced personnel shall handle explosives.
2. No person shall be allowed to handle, use, or work in the area while under the influence or suspicion of being under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
3. No flame, heat, or spark-producing device shall be permitted in or near explosives during handling, transport or use.
4. Original containers or class II magazines shall be used for transport of detonators o explosives from magazine storage area to blast site. Detonators and explosives shall be transported in separate vehicles.
5. Every reasonable precaution shall be taken to notify landowners or residents within 1,000 feet of the right-of-way and owners of adjacent facilities (pipelines, cables, power lines, etc.) and both Contractor’s and the Company’s employees. Warning signs, with lettering a minimum of 4 inches in height on a contrasting background, will be erected and maintained at all approaches to the blast area. Flaggers will be stationed on all roadways passing within 1,000 feet of the blast area to stop all traffic during blasting operations. All personnel not involved in the actual detonation shall stand back at least 1,000 feet and workers involved in the actual detonation shall stand back 650 feet from the time the blast signal is given until the “ALL CLEAR” has been sounded. Audible blasting signals such as an air horn or siren shall be sounded before and after each blast. The following blasting signals will be used during blasting:

• WARNING SIGNAL – A one (1) minute series of long horn or siren blasts five minutes prior to the blast imminent signal.

• BLAST SIGNAL – A series of short horn or siren blasts one minute prior to the shot detonation.

• ALL CLEAR SIGNAL – A prolonged horn or siren blast (15 seconds duration) following the inspection of the blast area

1. Blasting shall be performed during daylight hours only.
2. Blasting will concur within the environmental guidelines of the project and the site-specific requirements.
3. Lightning detectors will be located in the blasting area.
4. Drill holes shall not be left loaded overnight, unless security personnel are left on site and site lighting is provided. Detonators will not be connected to blasting agents and left overnight. This practice is strongly discouraged.
5. Empty packing material shall not be used again for any purpose and disposal shall be at an approved location.
6. Damaged or deteriorated blasting supplies shall not be used.
7. Delivery and issue of explosives shall be made by and to only authorized persons and into authorized magazine or temporary storage or handling areas.
8. All loading and firing will be directed and supervised by a competent and experienced person.
9. All blasting by safety fuse or non-electric shall follow standard industry guidelines in regard to use and safety.
10. Precautions will be taken to minimize the potential hazard of a premature detonation due to induced currents by using only non-electric blasting methods.
11. Blasting mats or back fill material must be utilized to control fly-rock damage to surrounding structures.